Metodología de investigación cualitativa: historia, definición y taxonomía

Rolly Rivas Huaman

doi:10.53732/rccsociales/e81074

Autores/as

Rolly Rivas Huaman Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Facultad de Psicología. Lima, Perú https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3635-0371

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53732/rccsociales/e81074

Palabras clave:

investigación cualitativa, metodología de la investigación, epistemología, paradigmas científicos

Resumen

La investigación cualitativa constituye un enfoque fundamental para la comprensión de los fenómenos sociales desde la perspectiva de los significados, experiencias y contextos en los que se desarrollan. En este artículo se presenta un análisis teórico orientado a examinar la evolución histórica, la definición conceptual y la organización taxonómica de la metodología de investigación cualitativa. Para ello, se realizó una revisión analítica de la literatura especializada con el propósito de identificar los principales hitos en el desarrollo de este enfoque, así como los paradigmas epistemológicos que lo sustentan. En este marco, se examinan particularmente el interpretativismo, el constructivismo, la teoría crítica y el pospositivismo como orientaciones que han influido en la consolidación de diferentes perspectivas teóricas y estrategias metodológicas. A partir de esta revisión, se propone una organización conceptual que permite comprender la investigación cualitativa como un campo plural integrado por diversos enfoques, perspectivas analíticas y diseños de investigación. Esta propuesta busca contribuir a la clarificación conceptual y metodológica del enfoque cualitativo que trasciende de las ciencias sociales a otras ciencias. Finalmente, con objetivos didácticos se ha empleado el software ATLAS.ti escritorio versión 25 y versión 26, para generar figuras que favorezcan la explicación y propuesta taxonómica del presente artículo.

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